Joint & Bone

The sunshine vitamin most indoor-dwellers are low in — strong evidence for bone health and immune function, reasonable for energy.

The most abundant mineral in the body — solid case for closing a dietary gap, but taken alone (without vitamin D) the fracture evidence is thin and there's a contested heart and kidney-stone risk signal.

Hydrolyzed collagen with growing RCT evidence for skin elasticity and joint comfort, though the effect sizes are modest and the mechanisms are still debated.

An essential trace mineral required for energy production, connective tissue formation, and iron metabolism — rarely needed as a standalone supplement unless zinc supplementation depletes it.

The active compound in turmeric with solid anti-inflammatory evidence, though poor bioavailability limits its effectiveness without enhanced formulations.

The simplest amino acid with surprisingly good RCT evidence for improving sleep quality and supporting collagen synthesis.

A newer entrant in oral form — RCT evidence backs skin hydration and mild knee osteoarthritis relief, but trials are small and often blend HA with other ingredients.

Directs calcium toward bones and teeth and away from arteries — promising evidence for cardiovascular and skeletal health, especially alongside vitamin D.

A trace mineral with emerging but limited evidence for bone health and hormone metabolism — not yet established as essential in humans.

The best-selling joint supplement in the world — and the largest trial ever run on it found glucosamine alone worked no better than a sugar pill.

The marquee claim — that it protects bone during weight loss — was debunked by the largest trial to date; it may still add useful training load.